Out-of-pocket expenditure among patients with diabetes in Bangladesh: A nation-wide population-based study

Zakir Hossain; Moriam Khanam; Abdur Razzaque Sarker

doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100102

Out-of-pocket expenditure among patients with diabetes in Bangladesh: A nation-wide population-based study

Health Policy Open. 2023 Sep 13:5:100102. doi: 10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100102. eCollection 2023 Dec 15.

Authors

Zakir Hossain¹, Moriam Khanam², Abdur Razzaque Sarker^{1

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Population Studies Division, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
² Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
³ Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
⁴ Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Diabetes has become one of the fastest growing public health emergencies worldwide. The objective of this study was to estimate the average annual out-of-pocket cost of diabetes treatment as well as to find out the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and their determinants in Bangladeshi context.

Data and methods: The study utilised data from the most recent nationally representative Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016-2017. The incidence of CHE was estimated by applying 10% and 25% of the annual total household expenditure threshold levels. The factors associated with CHE was presented as adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals.

Results: The annual average out-of-pocket cost per diabetes patient was US$ 323 (BDT 25,473). The cost of medication was the main cost driver contributed for 75.43% of the total out-of-pocket cost. The incidence of CHE was 14.34%, and 5.86% of the study households for 10% and 25% of the threshold levels, respectively. The patient aged more than 60 (AOR: 4.89; CI 0.82 to 28.95), uneducated (AOR: 1.83; CI 0.25 to 2.12), comorbid condition (AOR: 1.62; CI 0.94 to 2.79), small household size (AOR: 3.20; CI 0.58 to 17.51), rural resident (AOR: 1.85; CI 0.46 to 1.57), poorest asset quintile (AOR: 4.06; CI 1.43 to 13.87) and private facility type (AOR: 8.16; CI 3.46 to 19.;25) were significantly associated with the incidence of CHE due to diabetes treatment.

Conclusions: There are considerable out-of-pocket costs needed for diabetes care in Bangladesh. The evidence of catastrophic expenditure suggests the urgent need to improve financial risk protection to ensure access to care.

Keywords: Bangladesh; Burden; Catastrophic; Diabetes; Out-of-pocket cost.