Revisiting Loré's retrograde thyroidectomy from the perspective of preserving the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Gene Huh; Jae Hyeok Chang; Jung Woo Lee; Hyoseok Seo; Woo-Jin Jeong; Wonjae Cha

doi:10.21037/gs-23-21

Revisiting Loré's retrograde thyroidectomy from the perspective of preserving the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Gland Surg. 2023 Jul 31;12(7):928-939. doi: 10.21037/gs-23-21. Epub 2023 Jul 20.

Authors

Gene Huh¹, Jae Hyeok Chang², Jung Woo Lee³, Hyoseok Seo³, Woo-Jin Jeong⁴, Wonjae Cha⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
² Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
³ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
⁴ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.

Abstract

Background: Injury to the external branches of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) is the main reported cause of inexplicable post-thyroidectomy dysphonia (PTD) without recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. Loré proposed a retrograde thyroidectomy (RT) technique in which the superior pole is dissected as a final step after the Berry ligament division, making this approach advantageous for protecting the EBSLN. However, evidence of this protective effect remains insufficient. We aimed to evaluate EBSLN function following RT and conventional thyroidectomy (CT) using postoperative electromyography (EMG).

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single tertiary center. Consecutive patients who had undergone CT or RT were included. Bilateral EMG of the cricothyroid muscle was performed 2-3 months postoperatively in all patients. Patient characteristics, postoperative findings of bleeding events, drain amount, hypocalcemia, calcium replacement, RLN function, and EBSLN function were thoroughly reviewed and compared between the two surgical approaches. Abnormalities in the EMG findings were reported based on the wave configuration, and the results were graded into four categories.

Results: Seven hundred and thirty-one consecutive patients who underwent CT (n=341), or RT (n=390) were included, and a total of 1,179 RLNs and EBSLNs were at risk in CT (n=601) and RT (n=578). The CT and RT groups had similar clinical characteristics and surgical data. Two groups presented similar postoperative results for bleeding incidence, drain amount, and hypocalcemia. All RLNs were identified in both groups and their permanent function was preserved. EBSLN was significantly less frequently identified in the surgical field during RT than it was during CT (0.3% vs. 4.2%, respectively; P<0.001). Abnormal rates of postoperative EMG on the EBSLN were significantly lower in the RT group than in the CT group (1.7% vs. 7.8%, respectively; P<0.001), while the CT group presented with a higher grade of abnormal EMG (P<0.001).

Conclusions: The RT technique may be beneficial for preserving EBSLN function. Meticulous capsular dissection and appropriate traction of the upper pole facilitated by RT are crucial for decreasing the risk of EBSLN injury, which can be achieved without directly identifying the nerve.

Keywords: Thyroidectomy; electromyography (EMG); external branch of superior laryngeal nerve; post-thyroidectomy dysphonia (PTD); retrograde thyroidectomy (RT).