Development of a body dysmorphic disorder screener for DSM-5 (BDDS-5)

Y R Van Rood; N Wyk van; S Böhringer; N J A van der Wee; A Möllmann; A E Dingemans

doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152416

Development of a body dysmorphic disorder screener for DSM-5 (BDDS-5)

Compr Psychiatry. 2023 Nov:127:152416. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152416. Epub 2023 Sep 1.

Authors

Y R Van Rood¹, N Wyk van², S Böhringer³, N J A van der Wee⁴, A Möllmann⁵, A E Dingemans⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 6900, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: yrvanrood@lumc.nl.
² Bartiméus, Oude Arnhemse Bovenweg 3, 3941 XM Doorn, the Netherlands.
³ Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 6900, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 6900, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 6900, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
⁵ University of Bielefeld, Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 6900, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Rivierduinen Eating Disorders Ursula, PO Box 405 2300, AK, Leiden, the Netherlands.

PMID: 37688935
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152416

Abstract

Early identification of individuals with Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is essential to direct them to appropriate care and to reduce the chance of developing or maintaining comorbid psychiatric disorders (like an eating disorder (ED)). The present study aimed to develop a simple screener, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Screener for DSM-5 (BDDS-5), to overcome existing screeners' limitations and test its psychometric properties. The BDDS-5 consists of 12 statements with dichotomous answer options. Specific attention is paid to the readability of the screener for those with lower reading skills. Additional eating disorder screening questions (S section) were added to investigate whether these questions are necessary for detecting potential BDD cases. Finally, the factor structure, internal consistency, and validity of the BDDS-5 were examined within populations with a high risk of screening positive for BDD or ED. Principal axis factor analysis showed that two factors accounted for 63.5% of the variance. The factor analysis was based on polychoric correlation. Based on the BDDS-5, 33 persons (14% of N = 235) were screened as likely BDD cases. Nineteen persons were excluded as potential BDD cases based on the eating disorder related question (question D). Based on the S-section, this turned out to be largely correct for the majority, however, in 8% (n = 4) of the cases BDD was probably missed. The convergent validity appeared to be high (r > 0.80) with three other BDD measures. The BDDS-5 is a valid and widely applicable screener for BDD that may help in the early detection of BDD. The BDDS-5 uses simple wording and is thus suitable for people 8 years and older.

Keywords: Body Dysmorphic disorder; DSM-5; eating disorder; questionnaire; screener; validity.

MeSH terms

Body Dysmorphic Disorders* / diagnosis
Body Dysmorphic Disorders* / psychology
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Feeding and Eating Disorders* / diagnosis
Humans
Psychometrics
Severity of Illness Index