Understanding the complex interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and tumors in vivo and how it dominates the delivery efficiency of NPs is critical for the translation of nanomedicine. Herein, we proposed an interpretable XGBoost-SHAP model by integrating the information on NPs physicochemical properties and tumor genomic profile to predict the delivery efficiency. The correlation coefficients were 0.66, 0.75, and 0.54 for the prediction of maximum delivery efficiency, delivery efficiency at 24 and 168 h postinjection for test sets. The analysis of the feature importance revealed that the tumor genomic mutations and their interaction with NPs properties played important roles in the delivery of NPs. The biological pathways of the NP-delivery-related genes were further explored through gene ontology enrichment analysis. Our work provides a pipeline to predict and explain the delivery efficiency of NPs to heterogeneous tumors and highlights the power of simultaneously using omics data and interpretable machine learning algorithms for discovering interactions between NPs and individual tumors, which is important for the development of personalized precision nanomedicine.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; drug delivery; genomic mutation; machine learning; nanoparticles.