Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Diet Quality in a Cross-Sectional Study of Swedish Adolescents

Anna Karin Lindroos; Elinor Hallström; Lotta Moraeus; Anna Strid; Anna Winkvist

doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.09.001

Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Diet Quality in a Cross-Sectional Study of Swedish Adolescents

Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Nov;118(5):956-965. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.09.001. Epub 2023 Sep 9.

Authors

Anna Karin Lindroos¹, Elinor Hallström², Lotta Moraeus³, Anna Strid⁴, Anna Winkvist⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Risk Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: annakarin.lindroos@slv.se.
² Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), Department of Food and Agriculture, Lund, Sweden.
³ Department of Risk Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
⁴ Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁵ Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.

PMID: 37678640
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.09.001

Abstract

Background: Interventions to improve dietary intake and reduce dietary greenhouse gas emissions (dGHGE) are urgently needed. Adolescence presents a unique time in life to promote sustainable diets. Detailed dietary data are needed to inform public health strategies aiming at improving adolescents' diet quality and reducing dGHGE.

Objective: This study aimed to describe dGHGE in Swedish adolescents' diets by socio-demographic characteristics, evaluate how food groups contribute to dGHGE, and examine dGHGE in relation to diet quality.

Methods: Data come from the national, school-based, cross-sectional dietary survey Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17 of 3099 females and males attending school grades 5 (11-12 y old), 8 (14-15 y old) and 11 (17-18 y old). Participants completed 2 web-based 24-h recalls and questionnaires on lifestyle factors. dGHGE was estimated based on life cycle assessment data. Diet quality was estimated using NRF11.3 (Nutrient Rich Food Index) and SHEIA15 (Swedish Healthy Eating Index for Adolescents 2015).

Results: dGHGE were higher in males than females (medians 4.2 versus 3.8 kg CO₂e/10 MJ, P < 0.001). In females, dGHGE were highest in grade 5 (4.0 kg CO₂e/10MJ), whereas in males, emissions were highest in grade 11 (4.4 kg CO₂e/10MJ), P < 0.001 for the sex/grade interaction. Overweight/obesity was positively associated with CO₂e/10MJ, but parental education, birthplace, and degree of urbanization were not. In females, the proportion of dGHGE from animal-based foods was lowest in grade 11, whereas the proportions from plant-based foods and sweet foods/beverages were highest. In males, these proportions were similar across grades. NRF11.3 was not associated with CO₂e/10MJ, whereas healthier eating, according to SHEIA15, was inversely associated with CO₂e/10MJ.

Conclusions: Food choices and dGHGE per calorie differ by sex in adolescents. Thus, intervention strategies to improve dietary sustainability need to be tailored differently to females and males. Diet quality should also be considered when promoting reduced GHGE diets.

Keywords: Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17; RiksmatenFlex; adolescents; carbon footprint; climate impact; diet; diet quality; life cycle assessments.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adolescent
Animals
Cross-Sectional Studies
Diet
Energy Intake
Female
Greenhouse Gases*
Humans
Male
Sweden

Substances

Greenhouse Gases