T-2 toxin induces cardiotoxicity by activating ferroptosis and inhibiting heme oxygenase-1

Abstract

T-2 toxin, a natural secondary sesquiterpenoid metabolite produced by numerous strains of Fusarium fungi, is prevalent in both contaminated food and the environment. T-2 toxin is known to be highly toxic to the cardiovascular system, but the precise mechanisms that lead to T-2 toxin-induced cardiotoxicity are not yet fully understood. Recent findings indicate that ferroptosis is a pivotal factor in cardiovascular damage and exhibits a strong correlation with the detrimental impacts of T-2 toxin. The present study was designed to examine the involvement of ferroptosis in T-2 toxin-induced cardiac injury. Male mice and human cardiomyocytes were subjected to T-2 toxin for 24 h to induce acute cardiotoxicity for in vivo and in vitro studies, respectively. Our results demonstrated that T-2 toxin increased reactive oxygen species production, malondialdehyde, and decreased glutathione/oxidized glutathione and adenosine triphosphate levels. Furthermore, T-2 toxin was observed to activate ferroptosis, as evidenced by an increase in iron (Fe²⁺) concentration and upregulation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2, downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 and ferritin heavy chain 1, as well as ferroptotic morphological alterations. Inhibition of ferroptosis by Liproxstatin-1 reversed T-2 toxin-induced cardiac injury. Additionally, the downregulation of heme oxgenase-1 (HO-1) expression by T-2 toxin exacerbates ferroptosis and oxidative damage, which can be further aggravated by HO-1 inhibition with Sn-protoporphyrin. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced cardiotoxicity and suggest that targeting ferroptosis and HO-1 may represent a promising cardioprotective strategy against T-2 toxin.

Keywords: Cardiotoxicity; Ferroptosis; Heme oxgenase-1; Oxidative stress; T-2 toxin.