Increased WIC Cash Value Benefit is Associated with Greater Amount and Diversity of Redeemed Fruits and Vegetables among Participating Households

Christopher E Anderson; Lauren E Au; Catherine E Yepez; Lorrene D Ritchie; Marisa M Tsai; Shannon E Whaley

doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101986

Increased WIC Cash Value Benefit is Associated with Greater Amount and Diversity of Redeemed Fruits and Vegetables among Participating Households

Curr Dev Nutr. 2023 Aug 3;7(9):101986. doi: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101986. eCollection 2023 Sep.

Authors

Christopher E Anderson¹, Lauren E Au², Catherine E Yepez¹, Lorrene D Ritchie³, Marisa M Tsai³, Shannon E Whaley¹

Affiliations

¹ Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises (PHFE) WIC, a program of Heluna Health, Irwindale, CA, United States.
² Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
³ Nutrition Policy Institute, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Oakland, CA, United States.

Abstract

Background: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food packages for children ages 1 to 4 y include a cash value benefit (CVB) redeemable for fruits and vegetables (FVs) with participating vendors. The CVB value was increased beginning in June 2021.

Objectives: This study evaluated associations of the augmented CVB with the amount and diversity of redeemed FVs.

Methods: Price look-up codes (PLUs) in redemption data determined outcomes including any redemption (any, none), amount redeemed (United States dollars [USD]/mo), and percent of total CVB redemption (percent) in 54 FV commodity groups among a cohort of 1770 WIC-participating children in Southern California. Outcomes across all commodity groups for fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, and all FVs were evaluated including dollar amount redeemed, percentage of redemption, and diversity of produce redeemed (variety and balance among items redeemed). Comparisons were made between augmented CVB periods (35 USD/mo in June-September 2021, 24 USD/mo October 2021-June 2022) and the preaugment period (9 USD/mo in June 2020-May 2021). Associations were tested in multivariable generalized estimating equation Poisson (any redemption) and linear (amount, percent, diversity) regression models.

Results: The augmented CVB was associated with higher any redemption prevalence and amount redeemed for 53 of 54 commodity groups at both 35 USD/mo and 24 USD/mo compared with 9 USD/mo. Redemption diversity increased for both fruits, vegetables, and all produce during both augment periods, and modestly greater increases in redeemed fruits relative to vegetables were observed at 35 USD/mo. The most commonly redeemed vegetables were tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, peppers, and avocados and the most commonly redeemed fruits were bananas, apples, grapes, limes, and melons.

Conclusions: The augmented CVB was associated with greater redeemed FV amount and greater redeemed FV diversity. Data on FV intake diversity among WIC-participating children are needed to understand dietary impacts of the CVB increase.

Keywords: WIC; fruit and vegetable access; fruit and vegetable diversity; fruits; nutrition assistance; nutrition policy; vegetables.