An Overview of Nanotechnological Approaches for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Illness

Abstract

Allergies are a major health issue. Allergen avoidance, antihistamines, and corticosteroids do not treat the pathology's causes, therefore long-term therapy is essential. Long-term allergen-specific immunotherapy builds immune tolerance to the allergen. Unfortunately, immunotherapies for all allergens are not available, and adverse reactions during therapy, especially in severely allergic persons, remain a worry. In this regard, cell and bio- or nanomaterial-based allergy treatments are promising. This overview covers the most important tactics from these two strategies with examples. Nanotechnology encompasses science, engineering, and technology at 1-100 nm. Due to their one-of-a-kind characteristics, nanomaterials can be used in healthcare. Small molecules' chemical and physical properties are modified by the system's size, shape, content, and function. Toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions need to be evaluated. Regulating the physico-chemical properties of numerous accessible structures would make clinical diagnosis and therapy safer and more successful. Dendrimeric antigens, nanoallergens, and nanoparticles can mimic carrier proteins, boost specific IgE binding, and improve signal detection in allergy diagnosis. In immunotherapy, several allergenic structures like glycodendrimers, liposomes, polymers, and nanoparticles have been used as adjuvants, protectors, or depots for allergens. Nanotechnology has the potential to substantially improve both the diagnosis and treatment of allergies.

Keywords: Nanostructures; allergy treatment; cellular therapy; dendrimers; dendritic cells.; diagnostic tests; immunotherapy.