A systematic review of the measurement properties of the Pennsylvania Shoulder Score

Neil A Evans; Saurabh Mehta; Steven Holtschneider; Nicholas Kemper; Emily Meisterheim; Megan Subr; Emerson Talbot

doi:10.1016/j.jht.2023.05.003

A systematic review of the measurement properties of the Pennsylvania Shoulder Score

J Hand Ther. 2024 Jan-Mar;37(1):70-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2023.05.003. Epub 2023 Aug 12.

Authors

Neil A Evans¹, Saurabh Mehta², Steven Holtschneider³, Nicholas Kemper⁴, Emily Meisterheim⁵, Megan Subr⁶, Emerson Talbot⁷

Affiliations

¹ Ohio University, Division of Physical Therapy, Grover Center, Athens, OH 45702, USA. Electronic address: evansn@ohio.edu.
² East Tennessee State University, Physical Therapy Program, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA. Electronic address: MEHTAS1@mail.etsu.edu.
³ Marshall University, School of Physical Therapy, Huntington, WV 25701, USA. Electronic address: holtschneide@marshall.edu.
⁴ Marshall University, School of Physical Therapy, Huntington, WV 25701, USA. Electronic address: kemper11@marshall.edu.
⁵ Ohio University, Division of Physical Therapy, Grover Center, Athens, OH 45702, USA. Electronic address: em497916@ohio.edu.
⁶ Ohio University, Division of Physical Therapy, Grover Center, Athens, OH 45702, USA. Electronic address: ms338920@ohio.edu.
⁷ Marshall University, School of Physical Therapy, Huntington, WV 25701, USA. Electronic address: talbott14@marshall.edu.

PMID: 37580198
DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2023.05.003

Abstract

Background: Pennsylvania Shoulder Score (PSS) is a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) that is gaining use when examining shoulder-specific outcomes. To date, a systematic review of the PSS measurement properties has not been published.

Purpose: To systematically locate, appraise, and synthesize the evidence concerning the measurement properties of the PSS.

Study design: Systematic literature review.

Methods: A pair of raters conducted a literature search using pre-defined keywords from 5 databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTdiscus, PsychINFO, Scopus) during the week of October 23, 2022. Critical appraisal of study design for psychometric articles was used to assess methodological quality and risk of bias. Measurement property data were synthesized with pooled estimates for the indices of test-retest reliability (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC), Cronbach α (CA), effect size (ES), and standardized response means (SRM) calculated from applicable studies.

Results: A total of 13 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Methodological quality was agreed upon between the 2 raters with a weighted kappa of 0.77, and 9/13 of the articles were rated above 70%. Test-retest reliability of the PSS total score ranged between 0.90 and 0.94, and construct validity was high when compared to other shoulder-specific PROMs (0.75 < r > 0.96). Responsiveness of the PSS was large across all studies with few PSS subscales dropping to moderate. Pooled MDC90 of the total PSS was 12.13 points, and the pooled ES of the total PSS was 0.85.

Conclusions: The scope of this review demonstrates positive measurement properties of the PSS as a reliable, valid, and responsive measurement of shoulder-specific PROM. However, there are few studies examining the measurement properties of the PSS and more research is needed to assess cross-cultural appropriateness and factor analysis of the questions contained in the PSS.

Keywords: Measurement properties; Patient-reported outcome measure (PROM); Pennsylvania Shoulder Score (PSS); Psychometric properties.

Published by Elsevier Inc.

Publication types

Systematic Review

MeSH terms

Humans
Pennsylvania
Psychometrics
Reproducibility of Results
Research Design*
Shoulder*