Effects of time-restricted eating with different eating duration on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mazuin Kamarul Zaman; Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng; Sazzli Shahlan Kasim; Norsham Juliana; Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh

doi:10.4330/wjc.v15.i7.354

Effects of time-restricted eating with different eating duration on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

World J Cardiol. 2023 Jul 26;15(7):354-374. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v15.i7.354.

Authors

Mazuin Kamarul Zaman¹, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng², Sazzli Shahlan Kasim³, Norsham Juliana⁴, Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh^{5

6}

Affiliations

¹ Centre of Dietetics Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.
² Centre of Dietetics Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia. nurislami@uitm.edu.my.
³ Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Universiti Teknologi MARA (HUiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁴ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia.
⁵ Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
⁶ School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia.

Abstract

Background: Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a dietary approach that limits eating to a set number of hours per day. Human studies on the effects of TRE intervention on cardiometabolic health have been contradictory. Heterogeneity in subjects and TRE interventions have led to inconsistency in results. Furthermore, the impact of the duration of eating/fasting in the TRE approach has yet to be fully explored.

Aim: To analyze the existing literature on the effects of TRE with different eating durations on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic health markers in adults with excessive weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases.

Methods: We reviewed a series of prominent scientific databases, including Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, and Cochrane Library articles to identify published clinical trials on daily TRE in adults with excessive weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases. Randomized controlled trials were assessed for methodological rigor and risk of bias using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB-2). Outcomes of interest include body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, lean body mass, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profiles, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, and heart rate.

Results: Fifteen studies were included in our systematic review. TRE significantly reduces body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, lean body mass, blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride. However, no significant changes were observed in HbA1c, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, subgroup analyses based on the duration of the eating window revealed significant variation in the effects of TRE intervention depending on the length of the eating window.

Conclusion: TRE is a promising chrononutrition-based dietary approach for improving anthropometric and cardiometabolic health. However, further clinical trials are needed to determine the optimal eating duration in TRE intervention for cardiovascular disease prevention.

Keywords: Cardiometabolic health; Cardiovascular disease; Chrononutrition; Intermittent fasting; Obesity; Time-restricted eating.