Purpose: To evaluate whether clinical pharmacist practitioners (CPPs) are being utilized to care for patients with complex medication regimens and multiple chronic illnesses, we compared the clinical complexity of diabetes patients referred to CPPs in team primary care and those in care by other team providers (OTPs).
Methods: In this cross-sectional comparison of patients with diabetes in the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system in the 2017-2019 period, patient complexity was based on clinical factors likely to indicate need for more time and resources in medication and disease state management. These factors include insulin prescriptions; use of 3 or more other diabetes medication classes; use of 6 or more other medication classes; 5 or more vascular complications; metabolic complications; 8 or more other complex chronic conditions; chronic kidney disease stage 3b or higher; glycated hemoglobin level of ≥10%; and medication regime nonadherence.
Results: Patients with diabetes referred to one of 110 CPPs for care (n = 12,728) scored substantially higher (P < 0.001) than patients with diabetes in care with one of 544 OTPs (n = 81,183) on every complexity measure, even after adjustment for age, sex, race, and marital status. Based on composite summary scores, the likelihood of complexity was 3.42 (interquartile range, 3.25-3.60) times higher for those in ongoing CPP care (ie, those with 2 or more visits) versus OTP care. Patients in CPP care also were, on average, younger, more obese, and had more prior outpatient visits and hospital stays.
Conclusion: The greater complexity of patients with diabetes seen by CPPs in primary care suggests that CPPs are providing valuable services in comprehensive medication and disease management of complex patients.
Keywords: clinical pharmacists; medication therapy management; patient complexity; primary care.
Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2023.