Tolerability and efficacy of a reduced dose adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance protocol under general anesthesia in infants and children

Madhusudan Ganigara; Bharti Sharma; Pezad Doctor; Mohamed Nagiub; Sanja Dzelebdzic; Roby Sebastian; Munes Fares; Jeanne Dillenbeck; Gerald Greil; Tarique Hussain

doi:10.1007/s00247-023-05738-y

Tolerability and efficacy of a reduced dose adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance protocol under general anesthesia in infants and children

Pediatr Radiol. 2023 Oct;53(11):2188-2196. doi: 10.1007/s00247-023-05738-y. Epub 2023 Aug 11.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago & Biological Sciences, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. mganigara@bsd.uchicago.edu.
² Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
³ Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
⁴ Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Virginia Technology, Roanoke, VA, USA.
⁵ Division of Pediatric Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
⁶ Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

PMID: 37563320
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-023-05738-y

Abstract

Background: Intravenous adenosine induces pharmacological stress by causing vasodilatation and thus carries the risk of severe hypotension when combined with vasodilatory effects of anesthetic agents.

Objective: This study describes our experience with a reduced dose adenosine cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol in young children under general anesthesia (GA).

Materials and methods: This is a retrospective report of all patients from birth to 18 years who underwent adenosine stress cardiac MRI under GA between August 2018 and November 2022. Based on our anecdotal experience of severe adverse effects in patients receiving adenosine infusion under GA and in discussion with the pediatric anesthesia team, we developed a modified protocol starting at a dose of 110 mcg/kg/min with incremental escalation to a full dose of 140 mcg/kg/min to achieve desired hemodynamic effect.

Results: Twenty-two children (mean age 6.5 years, mean weight 28 kg) satisfied the inclusion criteria. The diagnoses included Kawasaki disease (7), anomalous aortic origin of left coronary artery (3), anomalous aortic origin of right coronary artery (2), coronary fistula (3), repaired d-transposition of great arteries (2), repaired anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (2), repaired truncus arteriosus with left coronary artery occlusion (1), extracardiac-Fontan with left coronary artery myocardial bridge (1), and post heart transplantation (1). Nine patients needed dose escalation beyond 110 mcg/kg/min. Two patients had transient hypotension during testing (systemic blood pressure drop > 25 mmHg). No patient developed significant heart block or bronchospasm. Six patients (repeat study in one) demonstrated inducible perfusion defects (27%) on stress perfusion sequences-5 of whom had confirmed significant coronary abnormalities on angiography or direct surgical inspection.

Conclusion: A reduced/incremental dose adenosine stress cardiac MRI protocol under GA in children is safe and feasible. This avoids severe hypotension which is both unsafe and may result in inaccurate data.

Keywords: Adenosine; Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; Child; General anesthesia; Hypotension; Stress perfusion; Vasodilation.