Potential Modifiers and Different Cut-offs in Diagnostic Accuracy of Fecal Immunochemical Test in Detecting Advanced Colon Neoplasia: A Diagnostic Test Accuracy Meta-analysis

Mohammad Yaghoobi; Parsa Mehraban Far; Lawrence Mbuagbaw; Yuhong Yuan; David Armstrong; Lehana Thabane; Paul Moayyedi

doi:10.34172/mejdd.2022.299

Potential Modifiers and Different Cut-offs in Diagnostic Accuracy of Fecal Immunochemical Test in Detecting Advanced Colon Neoplasia: A Diagnostic Test Accuracy Meta-analysis

Middle East J Dig Dis. 2022 Oct;14(4):382-395. doi: 10.34172/mejdd.2022.299. Epub 2022 Oct 30.

Authors

Mohammad Yaghoobi^{1

2

3

4}, Parsa Mehraban Far^{1

5}, Lawrence Mbuagbaw^{2

6

7}, Yuhong Yuan^{1

3

4}, David Armstrong^{1

4}, Lehana Thabane^{2

6

7

8}, Paul Moayyedi^{1

2

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Division of Gastroenterology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
² Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
³ Cochrane GUT, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁴ The Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁵ Division of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁷ Biostatistics Unit/The Research Institute, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁸ Departments of Anesthesia/Pediatrics; Schools of Nursing/Rehabilitation Sciences, Master University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Abstract

Background: Fecal immunoglobulin test (FIT) has been advocated as the first line of screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) in several jurisdictions. Most studies have focused on CRC as the outcome of interest. Our goal was to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of different thresholds of FIT as compared with colonoscopy for detection of advanced colonic neoplasia and potential modifiers using proper Cochrane methodology. Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was performed for studies on FIT using colonoscopy as the reference standard to detect advanced neoplasia. Cochrane methodology was used to perform a diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) meta-analysis. Diagnostic accuracy of different cut-offs of FIT, including 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 ng/mL, were calculated separately. Meta-regression analysis was also performed to detect potential a priori modifiers, including age, location of the tumor, and time from FIT to colonoscopy. Results: Twenty-four studies were included with no evidence of publication bias. The sensitivity of FIT did not decrease with lowering the cut-off, although specificity increased in higher cut-offs. Commonly used cut-offs of 50 ng/mL, 75 ng/mL, and 100 ng/mL for FIT provided sensitivity of 39%, 36%, 27% and specificity of 92%, 94%, 96%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of FIT did not significantly differ in proximal versus distal lesions or in individuals below or over the age of 50 years. The results remained robust in a meta-regression of the location of the study, time from FIT to colonoscopy, and methodological quality. Conclusion: The sensitivity of FIT might have been overestimated in previous studies focusing on CRC, and it seems to be independent of age, location of neoplasia, or cut-offs, contrary to some previous studies. Lowering the cut-off will reduce the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) by increasing specificity but without any effect on sensitivity.

Keywords: Colon cancer screening; Colonoscopy; Fecal immunoglobulin test; Meta-analysis.