Artificial light at night, MRI-based measures of brain iron deposition and incidence of multiple mental disorders

Abstract

Background: Epidemiologic evidence on whether iron accumulation in brain modified the association between artificial light at night (ALAN) and incident mental disorders is lacking. The authors aims to investigate modification of brain iron deposition on the associations of ALAN with multiple mental disorders in the middle-aged and older adults.

Methods: This prospective study used data from the UK Biobank. ALAN was drawn from satellite datasets. Susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to ascertain iron content of each brain region. T2* signal loss was used as indices of iron deposition. The main outcomes are impacts of ALAN exposure on onset of wide spectrum of physician-diagnosed mental disorders, which was estimated by time-varying Cox proportional hazard model. The authors further conducted stratified analyses by levels of iron brain deposition to examine the potential modifying effects.

Results: Among 298,283 participants followed for a median of 10.91 years, higher ALAN exposure was associated with increased risk of mental disorders. An IQR (11.37 nW/cm²/sr) increase in annual levels of ALAN was associated with an HR of 1.050 (95 % CI: 1.034,1.066) for any mental disorder, 1.076 (95 % CI: 1.053,1.099) for substance use disorder, and 1.036 (95 % CI: 1.004,1.069) for depression disorder in fully adjusted models. The exposure-response curves showed steeper trends at lower ALAN levels and a plateau at higher exposures. The associations were stronger in participants with high iron deposition in left hippocampus, left accumbens and left pallidum.

Conclusions: ALAN was associated with multiple mental disorders in the middle-aged and older adults, and the findings indicated stricter standards of ALAN is needed and targeted preventive measures are warranted, especially with high brain iron deposition.

Keywords: Artificial light at night; Brain iron deposition; Cox proportional hazard model; Depression disorder; Mental disorders; Substance use disorder.