Effectiveness of dietary heat-killed Bacillus subtilis harboring plasmid containing 60 copies of CpG-ODN 1668 against Vibrio harveyi in Penaeus vannamei

Wahyu Purbiantoro; Vinh Huynh-Phuoc; B R J Castillo-Corea; Omkar Vijay Byadgi; Ta-Chih Cheng

doi:10.1007/s11259-023-10182-2

Effectiveness of dietary heat-killed Bacillus subtilis harboring plasmid containing 60 copies of CpG-ODN 1668 against Vibrio harveyi in Penaeus vannamei

Vet Res Commun. 2024 Feb;48(1):85-101. doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10182-2. Epub 2023 Aug 2.

Authors

Wahyu Purbiantoro^{1

2

3}, Vinh Huynh-Phuoc^{1

2

4}, B R J Castillo-Corea⁵, Omkar Vijay Byadgi⁶, Ta-Chih Cheng^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Molecular Fish Immunology and Genetics, Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
² Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
³ Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia.
⁴ College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam.
⁵ Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁶ International Program in Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
⁷ Laboratory of Molecular Fish Immunology and Genetics, Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan. cheng.tachih@gmail.com.
⁸ Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan. cheng.tachih@gmail.com.

PMID: 37530963
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10182-2

Abstract

The cost of the purification process hinders the extensive use of cytosine phosphate guanosine-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) for shrimp culture. Therefore, this study used a shuttle vector plasmid to carry 60 copies of CpG-ODN 1668 (pAD43-25_60CpG), which can replicate in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis strain RIK1285. The first experiment used a reverse gavage procedure to deliver a substance (PBS [CK], pAD43-25 [P0], and pAD43-25_60CpG [P60], respectively) directly into the anterior midgut of Penaeus vannamei and transcriptome sequence analysis with a reference genome was performed to examine the expression of well-known immune-related genes. The results showed that the expression levels of immune-related genes in P60 group were significantly increased, particularly those associated with AMPs. In addition, using RT‒qPCR, the expression levels of AMP genes (LvALF, LvPEN-2, and LvPEN-3) in the P60 group may vary depending on the tissue and time point. The second experiment used dietary supplementation with three kinds of heat-killed B. subtilis (HKBS, HKBS-P0, and HKBS-P60) in 28 days of feeding experiments. The results showed that dietary supplementation with HKBS-P60 did not significantly improve shrimp growth performance and survival. However, on days 14 and 28 of the feeding regimens, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity were considerably higher than in other treatments. In addition, following infection with Vibrio harveyi, AKP and ACP activity in the HKBS-P60 group was significantly higher than in other treatments, particularly at the early stage of bacterial infection. Moreover, HKBS-P60 was found to be better protected against V. harveyi infection with lower cumulative mortality (60%) compared to HKBS (90%) and HKBS-P0 (100%) at 7 days after infection. Overall, these findings confirmed that P60 could increase immunological responses in the shrimp midgut, and HKBS-P60 could be used as an effective tool to enhance the immune response and disease resistance in shrimp.

Keywords: Acid phosphatase; Alkaline phosphatase; Antimicrobial peptides; Heat-killed Bacillus subtilis; Multiple copies of CpG-ODN 1668; Oral administration; Penaeus vannamei.

MeSH terms

Animals
Bacillus subtilis* / genetics
Disease Resistance
Hot Temperature
Immunity, Innate
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / metabolism
Penaeidae* / genetics
Penaeidae* / metabolism
Plasmids / genetics
Vibrio*

Substances

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Supplementary concepts

Vibrio harveyi

Grants and funding

MOST 111-2634-F-020-001/The Research Center for Animal Biologics, from the Featured Areas Research Center Program within the Higher Education Sprout Project Framework by the Ministry of Education and the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, R.O.C.