Genetic differences in variants of the AMD virus at the site of a disease outbreak

Marcin Kondracki; Andrzej Jakubczak; Marek Kowalczyk; Ilona Mazurkiewicz; Martyna Moryl; Joanna Kaczmarczyk

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2023.109851

Genetic differences in variants of the AMD virus at the site of a disease outbreak

Virology. 2023 Oct:587:109851. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109851. Epub 2023 Jul 28.

Authors

Marcin Kondracki¹, Andrzej Jakubczak², Marek Kowalczyk³, Ilona Mazurkiewicz¹, Martyna Moryl¹, Joanna Kaczmarczyk¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
² Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland. Electronic address: andrzej.jakubczak@up.lublin.pl.
³ Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.

PMID: 37527616
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109851

Abstract

Aleutian Mink Disease Virus (AMDV) results in mink breeding losses due to frequent abortion, low fecundity and high juvenile mortality. Due to the high persistence of pathogen in the environment and lack of causative treatment there is a need for research on alternative methods to eliminate the pathways of the spread of the virus and extinguish current outbreaks. The aim of the study was to investigate molecular variation of AMDV on a farm where mass deaths of mink took place. The material for the research was obtained from a mink farm located in Latvia. Mass deaths had occurred on the farm among symptoms typical of Aleutian disease. Spleen samples were collected from the dead animals during post-mortem examination. Sequencing and bioinformatic analysis made it possible to distinguish the variants occurring in the groups. The presence of the genetic material of the virus was confirmed by PCR and qPCR in each of the spleen samples. The isolates were divided into two main groups: the dominant group A, with more than 83% of all isolates, and group B. Comparison of the variants with the nonpathogenic strain AMDV-G revealed that isolates from group A were more than 95% similar to that strain, whereas the similarity of group B isolates was just over 86%. The average viral load in both groups was 10⁸ copies; no differences in viral load were noted between groups. Testing based on serological analysis produces fairly effective screening results, but these methods do not enable complete elimination of the virus from a population. Only their use in combination with modern testing techniques as tools for identification of vectors and the directions of the spread of the AMD virus can make it possible to block the routes of its spread and to extinguish its current outbreaks.

Keywords: Aleutian mink disease virus; Outbreak; Sequencing; qPCR.