Background: Bradykinesia is the hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, it can manifest in other conditions, including essential tremor (ET), and in healthy elderly individuals.
Objective: Here we assessed whether bradykinesia features aid in distinguishing PD, ET, and healthy elderly individuals.
Methods: We conducted simultaneous video and kinematic recordings of finger tapping in 44 PD patients, 69 ET patients, and 77 healthy elderly individuals. Videos were evaluated blindly by expert neurologists. Kinematic recordings were blindly analyzed. We calculated the inter-raters agreement and compared data among groups. Density plots assessed the overlapping in the distribution of kinematic data. Regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic curves determined how the kinematics influenced the likelihood of belonging to a clinical score category and diagnostic group.
Results: The inter-rater agreement was fair (Fleiss K = 0.32). Rater found the highest clinical scores in PD, and higher scores in ET than healthy elderly individuals (p < 0.001). In regard to kinematic analysis, the groups showed variations in movement velocity, with PD presenting the slowest values and ET displaying less velocity than healthy elderly individuals (all ps < 0.001). Additionally, PD patients showed irregular rhythm and sequence effect. However, kinematic data significantly overlapped. Regression analyses showed that kinematic analysis had high specificity in differentiating between PD and healthy elderly individuals. Nonetheless, accuracy decreased when evaluating subjects with intermediate kinematic values, i.e., ET patients.
Conclusion: Despite a considerable degree of overlap, bradykinesia features vary to some extent in PD, ET, and healthy elderly individuals. Our findings have implications for defining bradykinesia and categorizing patients.
Keywords: Bradykinesia; Parkinson’s disease; essential tremor; finger tapping; kinematic analysis; mild parkinsonian signs.