Mechanical performance is crucial for biomedical applications of scaffolds. In this study, the stress distribution of six lattice-inspired structures was investigated using finite element simulations, and scaffolds with pre-designed structures were prepared using selective laser sintering (SLS) technology. The results showed that scaffolds with face-centered cubic (FCC) structures exhibited the highest compressive strength. Moreover, scaffolds composed of polylactic acid/anhydrous calcium hydrogen phosphate (PLA/DCPA) showed good mechanical properties and bioactivity. An in vitro study showed that these scaffolds promoted cell proliferation significantly and showed excellent osteogenic performance. Composite scaffolds with FCC structures are promising for bone tissue engineering.