The seasonal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 might be affected by air pollution. To test the hypothesis, epidemic determinants, namely, shape, timing (Peak and Trough) and size (Peak to Trough Ratio and Excess Risk) of seasonal distribution of the outbreak were compared before and after adjusting for air pollutants in a distributed lag nonlinear model. We controlled for one-lagged outcome and meteorological parameters in the model. We also evaluated interaction effect between air pollutants and season using stratification method. The epidemic determinants were changed after adjusting for PM2.5 and O3 in the model, suggesting the existence of their association with the seasonal distribution of the outbreak. The Excess Risk of season (i.e., the proportion of confirmed Covid-19 cases that were attributed to season; AF) was increased as %4 (%95 CI - 29, 38) after adjusting for PM2.5. Adjusting for O3 in the model resulted in % 1 (%95 CI - 36, 34) decrease in the index. NO, NO2 and SO2 had no association with the seasonal distribution, though the interaction analysis revealed that association of NO2 and SO2 with Covid-19 confirmed cases were significantly higher in fall than winter and spring, respectively. Totally, PM2.5 has negatively associated with the seasonal distribution of the outbreak while O3 has positively associated in the region under study. Although some reasons such as wearing mask and oxidative effect might go before the negative and positive associations, but our results suggests that any association and causation between air pollution and Covid-19 should be carefully interpreted.
Keywords: Air pollution; Covid-19; Iran; Seasonal distribution.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.