The emergence of RNA self-reproduction from prebiotic components would have been crucial in developing a genetic system during the origins of life. However, all known self-reproducing RNA molecules are complex ribozymes, and how they could have arisen from abiotic materials remains unclear. Therefore, it has been proposed that the first self-reproducing RNA may have been short oligomers that assemble their components as templates. Here, we sought such minimal RNA self-reproduction in prebiotically accessible short random RNA pools that undergo spontaneous ligation and recombination. By examining enriched RNA families with common motifs, we identified a 20-nucleotide (nt) RNA variant that self-reproduces via template-directed ligation of two 10 nt oligonucleotides. The RNA oligomer contains a 2'-5' phosphodiester bond, which typically forms during prebiotically plausible RNA synthesis. This non-canonical linkage helps prevent the formation of inactive complexes between self-complementary oligomers while decreasing the ligation efficiency. The system appears to possess an autocatalytic property consistent with exponential self-reproduction despite the limitation of forming a ternary complex of the template and two substrates, similar to the behavior of a much larger ligase ribozyme. Such a minimal, ribozyme-independent RNA self-reproduction may represent the first step in the emergence of an RNA-based genetic system from primordial components. Simultaneously, our examination of random RNA pools highlights the likelihood that complex species interactions were necessary to initiate RNA reproduction.
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