Blockade of innate inflammatory cytokines TNF α, IL-1 β, or IL-6 overcomes virotherapy-induced cancer equilibrium to promote tumor regression

Michael J Walsh; Lestat R Ali; Patrick Lenehan; Courtney T Kureshi; Rakeeb Kureshi; Michael Dougan; David M Knipe; Stephanie K Dougan

doi:10.1093/immadv/ltad011

Blockade of innate inflammatory cytokines TNF α, IL-1 β, or IL-6 overcomes virotherapy-induced cancer equilibrium to promote tumor regression

Immunother Adv. 2023 Jul 3;3(1):ltad011. doi: 10.1093/immadv/ltad011. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Michael J Walsh^{1

2

3

4}, Lestat R Ali^{3

5}, Patrick Lenehan^{3

6}, Courtney T Kureshi^{3

4

6}, Rakeeb Kureshi^{3

6}, Michael Dougan^{4

5}, David M Knipe¹, Stephanie K Dougan^{3

6}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
² Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, USA.
³ Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴ Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵ Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶ Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Abstract

Cancer therapeutics can lead to immune equilibrium in which the immune response controls tumor cell expansion without fully eliminating the cancer. The factors involved in this equilibrium remain incompletely understood, especially those that would antagonize the anti-tumor immune response and lead to tumor outgrowth. We previously demonstrated that continuous treatment with a non-replicating herpes simplex virus 1 expressing interleukin (IL)-12 induces a state of cancer immune equilibrium highly dependent on interferon-γ. We profiled the IL-12 virotherapy-induced immune equilibrium in murine melanoma, identifying blockade of innate inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL-1β, or IL-6 as possible synergistic interventions. Antibody depletions of each of these cytokines enhanced survival in mice treated with IL-12 virotherapy and helped to overcome equilibrium in some tumors. Single-cell RNA-sequencing demonstrated that blockade of inflammatory cytokines resulted in downregulation of overlapping inflammatory pathways in macrophages, shifting immune equilibrium towards tumor clearance, and raising the possibility that TNFα blockade could synergize with existing cancer immunotherapies.

Keywords: IL1B; IL6; TNF; cytokine blockade; equilibrium; macrophage.

Abstract

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