Our primary study objectives were to (i) determine the proportion of children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with malnutrition diagnoses, (ii) compare healthcare utilization by malnourished and non-malnourished PICU patients, and (iii) examine the impact of implementing malnutrition screening and coding practices at a major academic urban tertiary care medical center. Using patient records, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 4106 children admitted to the PICU for severe illnesses between 2011 and 2019. Patients were identified as malnourished if records showed an ICD-9 or ICD-10 code for malnutrition. We compared malnourished and non-malnourished patients by age, admitting diagnoses, number of comorbid conditions, and clinical outcomes (length of stay, hospital readmission). About 1 of every 5 PICU-admitted patients (783/4106) had a malnutrition diagnosis. Patients with malnutrition were younger (mean age 6.2 vs. 6.9 years, p < 0.01) and had more comorbid conditions (14.3 vs. 7.9, p < 0.01) than those without. Malnourished patients had longer hospital stays (26.1 vs. 10.0 days, p < 0.01) and higher 30-day readmission rates (10% vs. 7%, p = 0.03). Implementation of malnutrition screening and coding practices was associated with an increase in malnutrition diagnosis. In this study of children admitted to the PICU, malnourished patients had more comorbid diagnoses and used more healthcare resources (prolonged hospitalizations and higher 30-day readmission rates), leading to higher healthcare costs. Such findings underscore the need for policies, training, and programs emphasizing identification and treatment of malnutrition at hospitals caring for critically ill children.
Keywords: clinical outcomes; malnutrition; mid-upper arm circumference; nutrition screening; nutritional interventions; pediatrics; undernutrition.