Phthalates, adipates, BPA, and pesticides in school meals

Abstract

Background: Exposure to phthalates, adipates, bisphenol-A (BPA), and pesticides may have important health consequences for children, but little is known regarding their presence in school meals, a major food source for children. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of phthalates, adipates, BPA, and pesticides in school meals.

Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, n = 50 school meal components were collected from four school districts in New England (n = 8 elementary/K-8 schools) differing preparation methods (on-site scratch cooking and pre-packaged heat and serve meals with plastic films) between 2019 and 2021. Meal components were tested for the presence of phthalates, adipates, BPA, and pesticides by an independent laboratory.

Results: One adipate, DEHA, was detected in 42% of samples (range 0.08 mg/kg - 50.39 mg/kg). Among the prepackaged foods, DEHA was detected in 86% of samples, which also contained the highest average concentrations among all the samples tested. The phthalate Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) was detected in only one sample, and BPA was not detected in any of the samples tested. Pesticides were detected in 64% of produce and 27% of entrées, but most had levels that were lower than the average levels detected by the USDA's Pesticide Data Program and only one sample had levels that exceeded those detected by the USDA (Cyfluthrin levels in one sample of apples were 0.038 mg/kg compared with an USDA average range of 0.004-0.032 mg/kg).

Conclusions: Overall pesticides and phthalate levels in school meals are low and BPA was not detected. However, this study suggests that manufacturers may be changing to less studied plasticizers such as DEHA. More studies should examine the impact of DEHA on human health, particularly among children. As schools transition back from the COVID-19 pandemic, foods packaged in plastic should be minimized where possible. Overall, school meals remain one of the healthiest options for children and policies that support on site cooking can further strengthen the quality of school meals.

Keywords: Adipates; Bisphenol-A (BPA); DEHA; Pesticide; Phthalate; School meals.