Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that is becoming increasingly common as the population ages. Conservative treatment for hip or knee osteoarthritis has been limited to pain control. Intra-articular injections for targeted local treatment have been widely used in clinical practice for many years.
Methods: This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective literature search, including recent meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and current guidelines.
Results: In Germany, the 12-month prevalence of osteoarthritis in adults is 17.9%. Conservative treatments are intended to alleviate symptoms and do not affect the progression of the disease. Glucocorticoids can be used to relieve otherwise intractable pain in the short term, but their prolonged use increases the risk of cartilage loss and progression of osteoarthritis. According to multiple guidelines, there is only weak evidence for the use of hyaluronic acid. Evidence does exist that high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid may lead to better outcomes than the low-molecular-weight form. RCTs have revealed no more than short-term clinical efficacy for a variety of specific therapeutic approaches, including the use of cytokine inhibitors. Other treatments, e.g., with platelet-enriched plasma, aspirates from bone marrow or adipose tissue, or expanded mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), have not been found to have clinically relevant long-term effects.
Conclusion: In view of the scant available evidence, further standardized RCTs will be needed to give a more comprehensive picture of the efficacy of intra-articular treatments for hip and knee osteoarthritis.