Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a most common allergic condition characterised by cough, sneezing and flu-like symptoms. The aetiology of AR is not known. A deficiency of vitamin D has been associated with various allergic diseases. The role of vitamin D in allergic rhinitis has been explored in different populations, but the results remained inconsistent. Furthermore, vitamin D exerts its effect through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and genetic variations in the VDR gene significantly alter vitamin D. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the role of vitamin D levels and VDR polymorphisms with a predisposition to the development of AR.
Materials and methods: All published articles were searched using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Based on rigorous inclusion and exclusion, appropriate studies were identified. Vitamin D levels, VDR genotype and allele frequencies were extracted from the eligible reports. The meta-analysis was performed by comprehensive meta-analysis software v3.3.
Results: The present meta-analysis comprised 14 reports with 1504 AR patients and 1435 healthy controls. Compared to healthy controls, AR had significantly lower levels of vitamin D (P = 0.000, standard difference of means = -1.287, 95% CI = -1.921 to -0.652). The meta-analysis of two separate investigations, which included 917 cases and 847 controls, showed no predisposition to allergic rhinitis. The trial sequential analysis also demonstrated the need for future case-control studies of VDR polymorphism to examine their involvement in AR.
Conclusions: Lower vitamin D levels are associated with allergic rhinitis, and vitamin D supplementation might be advantageous in addition to standard treatment. The connection of VDR polymorphism (rs2228570) remained equivocal, and additional research is needed.
Summary: Vitamin D exerct its beneficial effect through the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and role of vitamin D and VDR variant in the allergic rhinitis has been contradictories. We performed a meta-analysis to draw a definitive conclusion of importance of vitamin D and VDR polymorphisms in predisposition to development of allergic rhinitis. The observations of the meta-analysis revealed a significant association of lower vitamin D with allergic rhinitis. In addition the VDR rs2228570 variant predisposed subject to develop rhinitis. Collectively, the results of the present investigation redirect requirement of individualized vitamin D supplementation in the management of allergic rhinitis.
Keywords: Allergic rhinitis; Meta-analysis; Polymorphism; Vitamin D; Vitamin D receptor.
© 2023 The Authors.