Herein, the electrochemical properties and reaction mechanism of Li3-2 x Cax V2 (PO4 )3 /C (x = 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5) as negative electrode materials for sodium-ion/potassium-ion batteries (SIBs/PIBs) are investigated. All samples undergo a mixed contribution of diffusion-controlled and pseudocapacitive-type processes in SIBs and PIBs via Trasatti Differentiation Method, while the latter increases with Ca content increase. Among them, Li3 V2 (PO4 )3 /C exhibits the highest reversible capacity in SIBs and PIBs, while Ca1.5 V2 (PO4 )3 /C shows the best rate performance with a capacity retention of 46% at 20 C in SIBs and 47% at 10 C in PIBs. This study demonstrates that the specific capacity of this type of material in SIBs and PIBs does not increase with the Ca-content as previously observed in lithium-ion system, but the stability and performance at a high C-rate can be improved by replacing Li+ with Ca2+ . This indicates that the insertion of different monovalent cations (Na+ /K+ ) can strongly influence the redox reaction and structure evolution of the host materials, due to the larger ion size of Na+ and K+ and their different kinetic properties with respect to Li+ . Furthermore, the working mechanism of both LVP/C and Ca1.5 V2 (PO4 )3 /C in SIBs are elucidated via in operando synchrotron diffraction and in operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
Keywords: electrochemical performance; monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3; negative electrode materials; potassium-ion batteries; sodium-ion batteries.
© 2023 The Authors. Small published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.