Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a type of crystalline porous polymers. It firstly prepared by thermodynamically controlled reversible polymerization to obtain chain units and connecting small organic molecular building units with a certain symmetry. These polymers are widely used in gas adsorption, catalysis, sensing, drug delivery, and many other fields. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a fast and simple sample pretreatment technology that can enrich analytes and improve the accuracy and sensitivity of analysis and detection; it is extensively employed in food safety detection, environmental pollutant analysis, and several other fields. How to improve the sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limit of the method during sample pretreatment have become a topic of great interest. COFs have recently been applied to sample pretreatment owing to their low skeleton density, large specific surface area, high porosity, good stability, facile design and modification, simple synthesis, and high selectivity. At present, COFs have also attracted extensive attention as new extraction materials in the field of SPE. These materials have been applied to the extraction and enrichment of diverse types of pollutants in food, environmental, and biological samples, such as heavy metal ions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenol, chlorophenol, chlorobenzene, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, estrogen, drug residues, pesticide residues, etc. COFs can be synthesized from different materials and exert different effects on different extracts. New types of COFs can also be synthesized via modification to achieve better extraction effects. In this work, the main types and synthesis methods of COFs are introduced, and the most important applications of COFs in the fields of food, environment and biology in recent years are highlighted. The development prospects of COFs in the field of SPE are also discussed.
固相萃取技术是一种快速简便的样品前处理技术,能够实现分析物的富集,提高分析检测的准确性和灵敏度,已被广泛应用于食品安全检测、环境污染物分析等领域。如何提高方法的灵敏度和选择性是样品前处理领域的不懈追求,其关键在于萃取材料的选择。共价有机框架(COFs)材料是一类晶态多孔聚合物,其首先经热力学控制的可逆聚合反应形成连锁单元,然后与具有一定对称性的有机小分子构筑单元连接而形成,已被广泛应用于气体吸附、催化、传感、药物输送等领域。COFs具有比表面积大、孔隙率高、稳定性好、可设计性强以及合成简单、选择性高等优点,在样品前处理领域中引起了广泛关注。目前,COFs作为一种新型固相萃取材料,已被应用于食品、环境、生物样品中不同类别污染物的萃取富集,如重金属离子、多环芳烃、苯酚、氯酚、氯苯、多溴联苯醚、雌激素、药物残留、农药残留等。采用不同单体合成的COFs对于不同类型分析物具有不同的富集效果,因此也可以通过对其进行修饰合成一种新型COFs,以达到对某种结构分析物的高效选择性富集。本文将介绍COFs的主要类型及合成方法,并重点介绍近3年来COFs作为固相萃取材料在食品、环境、生物领域方面的重要应用,同时展望了COFs在固相萃取领域的发展前景。
Keywords: covalent organic frameworks (COFs); heavy metal ions; organic pollutants; sample pretreatment; solid-phase extraction (SPE).