Liver diseases (e.g., cirrhosis, cancer) cause more than two million deaths per year worldwide. This is partly attributed to late diagnosis and insufficient screening techniques. A promising biomarker for noninvasive and inexpensive liver disease screening is breath limonene that can indicate a deficiency of the cytochrome P450 liver enzymes. Here, we introduce a compact and low-cost detector for dynamic and selective breath limonene sensing. It comprises a chemoresistive sensor based on Si/WO3 nanoparticles pre-screened by a packed bed Tenax separation column at room temperature. We demonstrate selective limonene detection down to 20 parts per billion over up to three orders of magnitude higher concentrated acetone, ethanol, hydrogen, methanol, and 2-propanol in gas mixtures, as well as robustness to 10-90% relative humidity. Most importantly, this detector recognizes the individual breath limonene dynamics of four healthy volunteers following the ingestion (swallowing or chewing) of a limonene capsule. Limonene release and subsequent metabolization are monitored from breath measurements in real time and in excellent agreement (R2 = 0.98) with high-resolution proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. This study demonstrates the potential of the detector as a simple-to-use and noninvasive device for the routine monitoring of limonene levels in exhaled breath to facilitate early diagnosis of liver dysfunction.
Keywords: PTR-ToF-MS; breath analysis; diagnostics; gas sensors; liver disease; mobile health; nanotechnology.