Effect of Acidic Beverages on the Hardness, Elastic Modulus and Wear Resistance of Giomer and Nongiomer Bulk-fill Materials

Z Batu Eken; H Miyajima; E Bedair; S Gunal; M Ucok; F Ozer

doi:10.2341/22-063-L

Effect of Acidic Beverages on the Hardness, Elastic Modulus and Wear Resistance of Giomer and Nongiomer Bulk-fill Materials

Oper Dent. 2023 Jul 1;48(4):435-446. doi: 10.2341/22-063-L.

Authors

Z Batu Eken¹, H Miyajima², E Bedair³, S Gunal⁴, M Ucok⁵, F Ozer⁶

Affiliations

¹ *Zeynep Batu Eken, DDS, Yeditepe University Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
² Hiroyuki Miyajima, DDS, PhD, Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
³ Ennis Bedair, BDS, Department of Hospital Dentistry, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
⁴ Solen Gunal, DDS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kyrenia, Kyrenia, Cyprus.
⁵ Mete Ucok, DDS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁶ Fusun Ozer, DMD, PhD, Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

PMID: 37352458
DOI: 10.2341/22-063-L

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of acidic beverages on the hardness, elastic modulus, and wear resistance of four different resin-based restorative materials.

Methods and materials: A total of 128 specimens (10 mm diameter, 4 mm thickness) were prepared from a conventional resin composite (Filtek Z250 [Z250]), a giomer bulk-fill (Beautifil Bulk Restorative [BBR]) and two nongiomer bulk-fill materials (Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill [TNC] and SonicFill 2 [SF2]). Each material group was divided into four subgroups (n=8) according to the storage media: artificial saliva (control), orange juice, regular Coke, and sports drink. The experimental specimens were immersed in the solutions for 30 minutes, five times a day for 5 days and kept in artificial saliva for an hour between the immersion periods. Control specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 5 days. The nanoindentation test with a Berkovich diamond tip was used to determine the hardness and elastic modulus before and after the 5-day storage periods. Following the nanoindentation tests, the specimens were subjected to a chewing simulator for 120,000 cycles. The specimens were then scanned with a three-dimensional scanner. The wear resistance was analyzed by measuring the volume and height loss. Specimens were observed by environmental scanning electron microscopy. The statistical analyses were performed by analysis of variance, Tukey HDS test, and paired samples t-test (α=0.05).

Results: Z250 showed significantly higher elastic modulus in all groups (p<0.05). After erosive cycles, the greatest decrease in hardness and elastic modulus was observed for BBR. TNC showed higher wear resistance than the other resin-based materials (p<0.05). The BBR specimens immersed in acidic solutions showed higher wear rates than the artificial saliva group (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Conventional resin composite showed higher hardness and elastic modulus than bulk-fill materials when exposed to acidic beverages but comparable or lower wear resistance. Degradation due to acidic beverages most affected the mechanical properties of giomer bulk-fill.

MeSH terms

Beverages
Composite Resins*
Dental Materials*
Elastic Modulus
Hardness
Materials Testing
Saliva, Artificial

Substances

Saliva, Artificial
Composite Resins
Dental Materials