Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Cerebrovascular Disease (CeVD): Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database

Harshil Patel; Urvish K Patel; Medhat Chowdhury; Andrew D Assaf; Chaithanya Avanthika; Mohammed A Nor; Mohamed Rage; Apoorva Madapu; Sravani Konatham; Mamatha Vodapally; Vatsalya Bhat; Anupa Gnawali; Mohamed Mohamed; Nawal Abdi; Faizan A Malik; Marcel Zughaib

doi:10.7759/cureus.39331

Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Cerebrovascular Disease (CeVD): Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database

Cureus. 2023 May 22;15(5):e39331. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39331. eCollection 2023 May.

Authors

Harshil Patel¹, Urvish K Patel², Medhat Chowdhury³, Andrew D Assaf^{1

4}, Chaithanya Avanthika^{5

6}, Mohammed A Nor⁷, Mohamed Rage⁸, Apoorva Madapu⁹, Sravani Konatham¹⁰, Mamatha Vodapally¹¹, Vatsalya Bhat¹², Anupa Gnawali¹³, Mohamed Mohamed¹⁴, Nawal Abdi¹⁵, Faizan A Malik¹⁶, Marcel Zughaib¹⁷

Affiliations

¹ Cardiology, Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, USA.
² Public Health and Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
³ Internal Medicine, Ascension Providence Hospital/MSUCHM, Southfield, USA.
⁴ Heart Institute, Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, USA.
⁵ Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, New York City, USA.
⁶ Medicine and Surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, IND.
⁷ Internal Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science of Jilin University, Jilin, CHN.
⁸ Emergency Medicine, Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, GBR.
⁹ Internal Medicine, Huntsville Hospital, Huntsville, USA.
¹⁰ Internal Medicine, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpalli, IND.
¹¹ Internal Medicine, MNR Medical College, NTRUHS, Sangareddy, IND.
¹² Internal Medicine, K. V. G. Medical College and Hospital, Sullia, IND.
¹³ Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Caledon Provincial Hospital, Caledon, ZAF.
¹⁴ Internal Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, CHN.
¹⁵ Internal Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, CHN.
¹⁶ Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Permian Basin, Odessa, USA.
¹⁷ Cardiovascular Medicine, Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, USA.

Abstract

Background: Substance use continues to be on the rise in the United States and has been linked to new onset cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cerebrovascular disorders (CeVDs). We aimed to study the association between the types of substance use disorders (SUDs) with specific subtypes of CVDs and CeVDs among hospitalized patients using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database.

Methods: A retrospective study of the NIS database (2016-2017) using the ICD-10-CM codes was performed. The hospitalizations with a secondary diagnosis of SUDs were identified. Weighted univariate analysis using the Chi-square test and multivariate survey logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate for the incidence, prevalence, and odds of association between vascular events and SUDs.

Results: There were a total of 58,259,589 hospitalizations, out of which 21.42% had SUDs. SUDs were more common in the younger age group of 18-50, males, and the lower median household income group. We found a significant association of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with amphetamine dependence (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.23, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.14-1.33), cocaine-related disorders (1.17, 1.12-1.23), and nicotine dependence (1.42, 1.40-1.43). There was a significant association between intracerebral hemorrhage with amphetamine dependence (2.58, 2.26-2.93), cocaine-related disorders (1.62, 1.46-1.79), and alcohol-related disorders (1.35, 1.01-1.82). The association of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was noted to be higher with amphetamine dependence (1.82, 1.48-2.24) and nicotine dependence (1.47, 1.39-1.55). The patients with nicotine dependence had greater odds of having a myocardial infarction (1.85, 1.83-1.87), those with cocaine-related disorders had higher odds of having angina pectoris (2.21, 1.86-2.62), and patients with alcohol-related disorders had higher odds of developing atrial fibrillation (1.14, 1.11-1.17) in comparison to non-SUDs.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the variability of CVD and CeVD in patients hospitalized for SUD. Findings from our study may help promote increased awareness and early management of these events. Further studies are needed to evaluate the specific effects of frequency and dose on the incidence and prevalence of CVD and CeVD in patients with SUD.

Keywords: acute ischemic stroke; amphetamine abuse; cocaine abuse; marijuana; marijuana use; recreational substance abuse; smoking tobacco; stroke; sudden cardiac death; drug abuse.