The oxidation of primary alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids is one of the fundamental and useful reactions in organic synthesis. In this paper, we report our comprehensive results toward the oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes to acids via hydride transfer reactions mediated by 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone. Under the strong basic conditions of sodium tert-butoxide, the room temperature oxidations tolerate a range of functional groups, including vulnerable tert-butanesulfinamides, amines, sulfides, olefins, and heterocycles, and provide good to excellent yields. Most importantly, our oxidation procedure can be applied to chemoselective oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids in the presence of secondary alcohols.