Background: Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can occur during aerosol generating procedures. Several steps in spinal fusion may aerosolize blood but little data exists to quantify the risk this may confer upon surgeons. Aerosolized particles containing infectious coronavirus are typically 0.5-8.0 μm.
Aim: To measure the generation of aerosols during spinal fusion using a handheld optical particle sizer (OPS).
Methods: We quantified airborne particle counts during five posterior spinal instrumentation and fusions (9/22/2020-10/15/2020) using an OPS near the surgical field. Data were analyzed by 3 particle size groups: 0.3-0.5 μm/m3, 1.0-5.0 μm/m3, and 10.0 μm/m3. We used hierarchical logistic regression to model the odds of a spike in aerosolized particle counts based on the step in progress. A spike was defined as a > 3 standard deviation increase from average baseline levels.
Results: Upon univariate analysis, bovie (P < 0.0001), high speed pneumatic burring (P = 0.009), and ultrasonic bone scalpel (P = 0.002) were associated with increased 0.3-0.5 μm/m3 particle counts relative to baseline. Bovie (P < 0.0001) and burring (P < 0.0001) were also associated with increased 1-5 μm/m3 and 10 μm/m3 particle counts. Pedicle drilling was not associated with increased particle counts in any of the size ranges measured. Our logistic regression model demonstrated that bovie (OR = 10.2, P < 0.001), burring (OR = 10.9, P < 0.001), and bone scalpel (OR = 5.9, P < 0.001) had higher odds of a spike in 0.3-0.5 μm/m3 particle counts. Bovie (OR = 2.6, P < 0.001), burring (OR = 5.8, P < 0.001), and bone scalpel (OR = 4.3, P = 0.005) had higher odds of a spike in 1-5 μm/m3 particle counts. Bovie (OR = 0.3, P < 0.001) and drilling (OR = 0.2, P = 0.011) had significantly lower odds of a spike in 10 μm/m3 particle counts relative to baseline.
Conclusion: Several steps in spinal fusion are associated with increased airborne particle counts in the aerosol size range. Further research is warranted to determine if such particles have the potential to contain infectious viruses. Previous research has shown that electrocautery smoke may be an inhalation hazard for surgeons but here we show that usage of the bone scalpel and high-speed burr also have the potential to aerosolize blood.
Keywords: Aerosol; COVID-19; Optical particle sizers; Orthopaedic procedures; SARS-CoV-2; Spinal fusion.
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