Sensorimotor Behavior in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Unaffected Biological Parents

Erin K Bojanek; Shannon E Kelly; Lauren M Schmitt; Stormi P White; John A Sweeney; Andreas Sprenger; Kathryn E Unruh; Matthew W Mosconi

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2973214/v1

Sensorimotor Behavior in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Unaffected Biological Parents

Res Sq [Preprint]. 2023 May 25:rs.3.rs-2973214. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2973214/v1.

Authors

Erin K Bojanek¹, Shannon E Kelly², Lauren M Schmitt³, Stormi P White⁴, John A Sweeney⁵, Andreas Sprenger⁶, Kathryn E Unruh⁷, Matthew W Mosconi⁷

Affiliations

¹ University of Rochester, University of Rochester Medical Center.
² Scholars Strategy Network.
³ Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
⁴ Emory University School of Medicine.
⁵ University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.
⁶ University of Lübeck.
⁷ University of Kansas.

Abstract

Background: Sensorimotor impairments are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and evident in unaffected first-degree relatives, suggesting that they may serve as important endophenotypes associated with inherited risk. We tested the familiality of sensorimotor impairments in ASD across multiple motor behaviors and effector systems and in relation to parental broader autism phenotypic (BAP) characteristics.

Methods: Fifty-eight autistic individuals (probands), 109 parents, and 89 control participants completed tests of manual motor and oculomotor control. Sensorimotor tests varied in their involvement of rapid, feedforward control and sustained, sensory feedback control processes. Subgroup analyses compared families with at least one parent showing BAP traits (BAP+) and those in which neither parent showed BAP traits (BAP-).

Results: Probands with BAP- parents (BAP- probands) showed rapid manual motor and oculomotor deficits, while BAP+ probands showed sustained motor impairments compared to controls. BAP- parents showed impaired rapid oculomotor and sustained manual motor abilities relative to BAP+ parents and controls. Atypical rapid oculomotor impairments also were familial.

Limitations: Larger samples of ASD families including greater samples of probands with BAP+ parents are needed. Genetic studies also are needed to link sensorimotor endophenotype findings directly to genes.

Conclusions: Results indicate rapid sensorimotor behaviors are selectively impacted in BAP- probands and their parents and may reflect familial liabilities for ASD that are independent of familial autistic traits. Sustained sensorimotor behaviors were affected in BAP+ probands and BAP- parents re ecting familial traits that may only confer risk when combined with parental autistic trait liabilities. These findings provide new evidence that rapid and sustained sensorimotor alterations represent strong but separate familial pathways of ASD risk that demonstrate unique interactions with mechanisms related to parental autistic traits.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder; broader autism phenotype; endophenotype; familiality; heritable risk; sensorimotor.

Publication types

Preprint

Grants and funding

This study was supported by grants AR100276, RO1 MH112734, Eunice Kennedy Shriver U54 HD090216, and Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART) Research Investment Council Strategic Initiate Grant.