The emergence of biomarkers across medicine's subspecialties continues to evolve. In essence, a biomarker is a biological observation that clearly substitutes a clinical endpoint or intermediate outcome not only are more difficult to observe but also, biomarkers are easier, less expensive and could be measured over shorter periods. In general, biomarkers are versatile and not only used for disease screening and diagnosis but, most importantly, for disease characterization, monitoring, and determination of prognosis as well as individualized therapeutic responses. Obviously, heart failure (HF) is no exception to the use of biomarkers. Currently, natriuretic peptides are the most used biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognostication, while their role in the monitoring of treatment is still debatable. Although several other new biomarkers are currently under investigation regarding diagnosis and determination of prognosis, none of them are specific for HF, and none are recommended for routine clinical use at present. However, among these emerging biomarkers, we would like to highlight the potential for growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 as a plausible new biomarker that could be helpful in providing prognostic information regarding HF morbidity and mortality.
Keywords: GDF-15; Growth Differentiation Factor-15; Heart Failure; Heart Failure Biomarkers.
© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.