Peer review before trial conduct could increase research value and reduce waste

Affiliations

• ¹ Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: maxsiebert@stanford.edu.
• ² Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, Centre d'investigation clinique de Rennes (CIC1414), service de pharmacologie clinique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), UMR S 1085, EHESP, Rennes 35000, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
• ³ Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Medicine, of Epidemiology, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.