Swarm robotic systems comprising members with limited onboard localization capabilities rely on employing collaborative motion-control strategies to successfully carry out multi-task missions. Such strategies impose constraints on the trajectories of the swarm and require the swarm to be divided into worker robots that accomplish the tasks at hand, and support robots that facilitate the movement of the worker robots. The consideration of the constraints imposed by these strategies is essential for optimal mission-planning. Existing works have focused on swarms that use leader-based collaborative motion-control strategies for mission execution and are divided into worker and support robots prior to mission-planning. These works optimize the plan of the worker robots and, then, use a rule-based approach to select the plan of the support robots for movement facilitation - resulting in a sub-optimal plan for the swarm. Herein, we present a mission-planning methodology that concurrently optimizes the plan of the worker and support robots by dividing the mission-planning problem into five stages: division-of-labor, task-allocation of worker robots, worker robot path-planning, movement-concurrency, and movement-allocation. The proposed methodology concurrently searches for the optimal value of the variables of all stages. The proposed methodology is novel as it (1) incorporates the division-of-labor of the swarm into worker and support robots into the mission-planning problem, (2) plans the paths of the swarm robots to allow for concurrent facilitation of multiple independent worker robot group movements, and (3) is applicable to any collaborative swarm motion-control strategy that utilizes support robots. A unique pre-implementation estimator, for determining the possible improvement in mission execution performance that can achieved through the proposed methodology was also developed to allow the user to justify the additional computational resources required by it. The estimator uses a machine learning model and estimates this improvement based on the parameters of the mission at hand. Extensive simulated experiments showed that the proposed concurrent methodology improves the mission execution performance of the swarm by almost 40% compared to the competing sequential methodology that optimizes the plan of the worker robots first and, then, the plan of the support robots. The developed pre-implementation estimator was shown to achieve an estimation error of less than 5%.
Keywords: Constrained optimization; Localization; Motion planning; Swarm Robotics; Task-allocation.
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.