Through the Looking Glass: Surveillance Following Colonoscopic Polypectomy of Malignant Polyps

Balaji Jayasankar; Dinesh Balasubramaniam; Kirolos Abdelsaid; Kyle Frowde; Emily Galloway; Mohamed Hassan

doi:10.7759/cureus.38027

Through the Looking Glass: Surveillance Following Colonoscopic Polypectomy of Malignant Polyps

Cureus. 2023 Apr 23;15(4):e38027. doi: 10.7759/cureus.38027. eCollection 2023 Apr.

Authors

Balaji Jayasankar¹, Dinesh Balasubramaniam², Kirolos Abdelsaid³, Kyle Frowde⁴, Emily Galloway³, Mohamed Hassan⁵

Affiliations

¹ Colorectal Surgery, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, GBR.
² General Surgery, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS (National Health Service) Trust, Maidstone, GBR.
³ General Surgery, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS (National Health Service) Trust, Tunbridge Wells, GBR.
⁴ General Surgery, East Kent Hospitals University NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Canterbury, GBR.
⁵ Surgery, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS (National Health Service) Trust, Tunbridge Wells, GBR.

Abstract

Introduction Colonoscopic polypectomy is a well-established screening and surveillance modality for malignant colorectal polyps. Following the detection of a malignant polyp, patients are either put on endoscopic surveillance or planned for a surgical procedure. We studied the outcome of colonoscopic excision of malignant polyps and their recurrence rates. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis over a period of five years (2015-2019) of patients who underwent colonoscopy and resection of malignant polyps. Size of polyp, follow-up with tumour markers, CT scan, and biopsy were considered individually for pedunculate and sessile polyps. We analysed the percentage of patients who underwent surgical resection, the percentage of patients who were managed conservatively, and the percentage of recurrence post-excision of malignant polyps. Results A total of 44 patients were included in the study. Of the 44 malignant polyps, most were present in the sigmoid colon at 43% (n=19), with the rectum containing 41% (n=18). The ascending colon accounted for 4.5% (n=2), transverse colonic polyps were 7% (n=3), and the descending colon polyps were 4.5% (n=2). Pedunculated polyps made up 55% (n=24). These were Level 1-3 based on Haggits classification; 14 were Haggits Level 1, eight were Haggits Level 2, and two were Haggits Level 3. The rest were sessile polyps making up 45% (n=20). Based on the Kikuchi classification, these were predominantly SM1 (n=12) and SM2 (n=8). Out of 44 cases, 11% (n=5) underwent surgical resection on follow-up in the form of bowel resection. This included three right hemicolectomies, one sigmoid colectomy, and one low anterior resection. Seven per cent (n=3) underwent endoscopic resection as trans-anal endoscopic mucosal resection (TEMS) and 82% (n=36) of the remaining cases were managed with regular follow-up and surveillance. Conclusions Colonoscopic polypectomy offers excellent benefits in detecting colorectal cancer and treating pre-malignant polyps. Colonoscopic polypectomy provides excellent benefits in colorectal cancer (CRC) detection and treatment of malignant polyps. However, it remains to be seen if post-polypectomy surveillance for low-risk polyp cancers would require a change in surveillance.

Keywords: colon cancer and colon polyps; colonoscopy and polypectomy; colorectal polyp; git endoscopy; pedunculated polyp; sessile serrated adenoma; surgical endoscopy.