Research background: Millet bran is a by-product rich in dietary fibre, micronutrients and bioactive compounds which are often deficient in a gluten-free diet. Previously, cryogenic grinding has been shown to improve the functionality of bran to some extent, although it offered limited benefits for bread making. This study aims to investigate the effects of adding proso millet bran depending on its particle size and xylanase pretreatment on the physicochemical, sensory and nutritional properties of gluten-free pan bread.
Experimental approach: Coarse bran (d50=223 μm) was ground to medium size (d50=157 μm) using an ultracentrifugal mill or to superfine particles (d50=8 μm) using a cryomill. Millet bran presoaked in water (for 16 h at 55 °C) with or without the addition of fungal xylanase (10 U/g) replaced 10% of the rice flour in the control bread. Bread specific volume, crumb texture, colour and viscosity were measured instrumentally. Along with proximate composition, the content of soluble and insoluble fibre, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and phenolic acids as well as total and bioaccessible minerals of bread were assessed. Sensory analysis of the bread samples included a descriptive, hedonic and ranking test.
Results and conclusions: Dietary fibre content (7.3-8.6 g/100 g) and TPC (42-57 mg/100 g) on dry mass basis of the bread loaves depended on bran particle size and xylanase pretreatment. The effect of xylanase pretreatment was most evident in the loaves with medium bran size in terms of higher content of fibre soluble in ethanol (45%) and free ferulic acid content (5%), improved bread volume (6%), crumb softness (16%) and elasticity (7%), but lower chewiness (15%) and viscosity (20-32%). Bread bitterness and dark colour were increased after adding medium-sized bran but its bitter aftertaste, crust crookedness, crumb hardness and graininess were reduced with xylanase pretreatment. Although bran addition impaired protein digestibility, it enriched the bread with iron (341%), magnesium (74%), copper (56%) and zinc (7.5%). Xylanase pretreatment of the bran resulted in the improved bioaccessibility of zinc and copper of the enriched bread compared to the control and bread without xylanase.
Novelty and scientific contribution: Application of xylanase to medium sized bran obtained by ultracentrifugal grinding was more successful than its application to superfine bran obtained by the multistage cryogrinding as it resulted in more soluble fibre in gluten-free bread. Moreover, xylanase was proven beneficial in maintaining desirable bread sensory properties and mineral bioaccessibility.
Keywords: cereal by-product; cryogenic milling; dietary fibre; mineral bioaccessibility; phenolic acids.