Study objectives: To describe early diagnostic clues in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 5 (CDKL5) refractory encephalopathy, to improve treatment strategies.
Methods: We retrospectively studied 35 patients (25 females, 10 males) with CDKL5 gene mutations or deletion, focusing on their early seizure semiology, the electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern, the effect of treatment, and developmental outcome.
Results: The first seizures were recognizable and consisted of tonic, then clonic, and spasms phases, occurring in sleep at a median age of 6 weeks. Clusters of spasms were observed in quiet sleep or slow-wave sleep (SWS), with screaming, staring, and arms' extension that mimicked sleep terror in 28 of 35 patients (80%). Programmed awakening prevented these spasms in 9 of 16 patients and small doses of clonazepam given at night improved epilepsy in 14 of 23 patients.
Conclusions: Peculiar seizures with spasms starting in SWS are an early diagnostic clue in infants with CDKL5 encephalopathy. Sleep video-EEG polygraphy is an easy tool to disclose these early seizures and epileptic spasms in infants during the first months of life while polysomnography is unlikely to give a contribution at that early age. While conventional antiepileptic treatment and corticosteroids are poorly, transiently, or not efficient, therapeutic strategy used for sleep terror could help, although the mechanism of spasms generation in SWS needs to be elucidated.
Keywords: EEG; child; clonazepam; epilepsy; epileptic seizures; infant; quiet sleep; sleep terror; slow-wave sleep.
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society.