Rapid identification of adulteration in raw bovine milk with soymilk by electronic nose and headspace-gas chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry

Huaixiang Tian; Juanjuan Xiong; Shuang Chen; Haiyan Yu; Chen Chen; Juan Huang; Haibin Yuan; Xinman Lou

doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100696

Rapid identification of adulteration in raw bovine milk with soymilk by electronic nose and headspace-gas chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry

Food Chem X. 2023 Apr 29:18:100696. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100696. eCollection 2023 Jun 30.

Authors

Huaixiang Tian¹, Juanjuan Xiong¹, Shuang Chen¹, Haiyan Yu¹, Chen Chen¹, Juan Huang¹, Haibin Yuan¹, Xinman Lou¹

Affiliation

¹ School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China.

Abstract

The adulteration of soymilk (SM) into raw bovine milk (RM) to gain profit without declaration could cause a health risk. In this study, electronic nose (E-nose) and headspace-gas chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) were applied to establish a rapid and effective method to identify adulteration in RM with SM. The obtained data from HS-GC-IMS and E-nose can distinguish the adulterated samples with SM by principal component analysis. Furthermore, a quantitative model of partial least squares was established. The detection limits of E-nose and HS-GC-IMS quantitative models were 1.53% and 1.43%, the root mean square errors of prediction were 0.7390 and 0.5621, the determination coefficients of prediction were 0.9940 and 0.9958, and the relative percentage difference were 10.02 and 13.27, respectively, indicating quantitative regression and good prediction performances of SM adulteration levels in RM were achieved. This research can provide scientific information on the rapid, non-destructive and effective adulteration detection for RM.

Keywords: Electronic nose; Headspace-gas chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry; Raw bovine milk adulteration; Soymilk; Volatile compounds.