Sex wars: a female genital spine forces male damselflies to shorten copulation duration

Abstract

In some species, males use weapons to harm females, increasing their short-term fitness. Here we show that females can use genital adaptations against males. Females of the damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum have a conspicuous vulvar spine on the eighth abdominal segment, which contacts with the male during copulation. We tested 3 hypotheses for its function: it (a) inflicts damage to the male during copulation; (b) facilitates endophytic oviposition; and (c) stimulates males during copulation to increase their investment. We found that males mated on average for 54 min with control females, but increased copulation to 99 min with females without spine. There was no evidence of physical harm of the spine on the male's seminal vesicle, which shows 8- to 18-folds, exactly where the spine contacts during copulation. Females with and without spine exhibited the same egg-laying rates and showed similar fecundity and fertility. Longevity was also similar in males mated to control and spineless females. In contrast to many species where females resist male harassment by behavioral responses, the morphological adaptation observed in E. cyathigerum appears to act as a sexual weapon, allowing females to control copulation duration. We suggest that the spine has evolved because of sexual conflict over mating duration.

Keywords: Odonata; copulatory wounding; sexual conflict; sexual selection; vulvar spine.