Olea europaea L. Leaf Extract Attenuates Temozolomide-Induced Senescence-Associated Secretion Phenotype in Glioblastoma

Melis Erçelik; Berrin Tunca; Seçil Ak Aksoy; Çağla Tekin; Gülçin Tezcan

doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2022.57639

Olea europaea L. Leaf Extract Attenuates Temozolomide-Induced Senescence-Associated Secretion Phenotype in Glioblastoma

Turk J Pharm Sci. 2023 May 9;20(2):68-77. doi: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2022.57639.

Authors

Melis Erçelik¹, Berrin Tunca¹, Seçil Ak Aksoy², Çağla Tekin¹, Gülçin Tezcan³

Affiliations

¹ Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Bursa, Türkiye.
² Bursa Uludağ University, İnegol Vocation School, Bursa, Türkiye.
³ Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Fundamental Sciences, Bursa, Türkiye.

Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Olea europaea L. leaf extract (OLE) on senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) caused by temozolomide (TMZ) in glioblastoma (GB).

Materials and methods: A senescence β-galactosidase assay and a colony formation assay were used to determine the effects of OLE, TMZ, and OLE + TMZ on the cellular senescence and aggressiveness of GB cell lines T98G and U87MG. mRNA expression levels of p53, a senescence factor, interleukin (IL)-6, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9, and nuclear factor kappa B1 (NF-κB1) as SASP factors and Bcl-2 and Bax as senolytic markers were assessed using quantitative reverse transcription-real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cells were double-stained with acridine orange and propidium iodide to observe the cell morphology.

Results: TMZ increased the senescence rate of GB cells (p<0.001). Besides, OLE + TMZ reduced the proportion of senescent cells (p<0.001) and their capability to form colonies compared to TMZ-only-treated cells. Additionally, OLE + TMZ co-treatment elevated the mRNA expression levels of MMP-9, IL-6, NF-κB1, p53, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared to TMZ-only treatment. Especially in U87MG cells, involvement of OLE in TMZ treatments increased more than six times in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared to TMZ-only, which induced the apoptosis-like morphological features (p<0.0001).

Conclusion: Collectively, our findings presented the inhibitory effect of OLE on TMZ-mediated SASP-factor production in GB and, accordingly, its potential contribution to elongate the time of recurrence.

Keywords: Glioblastoma; Olea europaea leaf extract; SASP; senescence; temozolomide.