Implementation of self-binding directives: recommendations based on expert consensus and input by stakeholders in three European countries

Affiliations

• ¹ Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
• ² Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
• ³ Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• ⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité, Berlin, Germany.
• ⁵ Department of Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• ⁶ GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• ⁷ Mentrum/Arkin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.