Biomechanics and early sac regression after endovascular aneurysm repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Marko Bogdanovic; Antti Siika; Moritz Lindquist Liljeqvist; T Christian Gasser; Rebecka Hultgren; Joy Roy

doi:10.1016/j.jvssci.2023.100104

Biomechanics and early sac regression after endovascular aneurysm repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

JVS Vasc Sci. 2023 Mar 30:4:100104. doi: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2023.100104. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Marko Bogdanovic¹, Antti Siika¹, Moritz Lindquist Liljeqvist^{1

2}, T Christian Gasser^{3

4}, Rebecka Hultgren^{1

2}, Joy Roy^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
² Department of Vascular surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
³ Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴ Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odens, Denmark.

Abstract

Background: Sac regression after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is regarded as a marker of successful response to treatment. Several factors influence sac behavior after EVAR, yet little is known about the value of preoperative biomechanics. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in aortic biomechanics between patients with and without sac regression.

Methods: Patients treated with standard EVAR for infrarenal AAA at the Karolinska University Hospital between 2009 and 2012 with one preoperative and a minimum of two postoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans were considered for inclusion in this single-center retrospective cohort study. Biomechanical indices such as AAA wall stress and wall stress-strength ratio as well as intraluminal thrombus (ILT) thickness and stress were measured preoperatively in A4ClinicRE (VASCOPS GmbH). AAA diameter and volume were analyzed on preoperative, 30-day, and 1-year CTAs. Patients were dichotomized based on sac regression, defined as a $\geq$ 5 mm decrease in maximal AAA diameter between the first two postoperative CTA scans. Multivariable logistic regression was used for analysis of factors associated with early sac regression.

Results: Of the 101 patients treated during the inclusion period, 64 were included. Thirty-nine (61%) demonstrated sac regression and 25 (39%) had a stable sac or sac increase. The mean patients age (73 years vs 76 years), male sex (85% vs 96%), and median AAA diameter (58 mm vs 58.5 mm) did not differ between patients with and without sac regression. Although no difference in preoperative biomechanics was seen between the groups, multivariable logistic regression revealed that a larger AAA diameter (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.51; P = .009) and smoking (OR, 22.1; 95% CI, 2.78-174; P = .003) were positively associated with sac regression. In contrast, the lumen diameter (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98; P = .023), ILT thickness (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75-0.97; P = .013), aspirin or direct-acting oral anticoagulant use (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02-0.61; P = .012), and mean ILT stress (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14-0.87; P = .024) showed a negative association. Patients with sac regression had fewer reinterventions (log-rank P = .010) and lower mortality (log-rank P = .012) at the 5-year follow-up.

Conclusions: This study, characterizing preoperative biomechanics in patients with and without sac regression, demonstrated a negative association between mean ILT stress and ILT thickness with a change in sac diameter after EVAR. Given that the ILT is a highly dynamic entity, further studies focusing on the role of the thrombus are needed. Furthermore, patients presenting with early sac regression had improved outcomes after EVAR.

Keywords: AAA; Biomechanical analysis; EVAR; ILT; Sac change; Sac regression.