Growth Regulated Oncogene-α Upregulates TNF-α and COX-2 and Activates NOD1/RIPK2 mediated-MAPK Pathway in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Leong-Perng Chan; Ya-Ping Tseng; Hui-Ching Wang; Chen-Yu Chien; Che-Wei Wu; Ling-Feng Wang; Chia-Hua Liang

doi:10.7150/jca.82300

Growth Regulated Oncogene-α Upregulates TNF-α and COX-2 and Activates NOD1/RIPK2 mediated-MAPK Pathway in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

J Cancer. 2023 Apr 9;14(6):989-1000. doi: 10.7150/jca.82300. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Leong-Perng Chan^{1

2}, Ya-Ping Tseng³, Hui-Ching Wang⁴, Chen-Yu Chien^{1

5}, Che-Wei Wu¹, Ling-Feng Wang¹, Chia-Hua Liang⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
² Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
³ Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
⁶ Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.

Abstract

Purpose: The long-term prognosis and survival rate of patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are poor, although the identification of specific biomarkers that reveal its nature and aggressiveness has improved it. Growth-related oncogene alpha (Groα) and NOD1 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1) can be used as prognosis markers to identify subgroups of HNSCC patients with low survival rates and as potential therapeutic targets for HNSCC patients. However, the mechanism associated with the Groα-mediated NOD pathway in HNSCC progression remains unclear. Method: Overall survival analysis and multiple-gene comparison were analyzed using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). qRT-PCR and RT-PCR were used to analyze mRNA expression. Microarray, immunofluorescence staining or western blot analyses were carried out to detect protein expression. Results: Groα was significantly higher in the grade 4 HNSCC tumor tissues compared with that in grade 1-3 and healthy subjects. High expression of Groα, NOD1 and RIPK2 (receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2) is correlated with survival rate in HNSCC patients. Treatment of SCC25 and OECM-1 cells with Groα increased the expression of NOD1 and RIPK2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The findings herein reveal the association of Groα, NOD1 and RIPK2 biomarkers with HNSCC carcinogenesis. Moreover, Groα is the major stimulus of inflammatory mediation and promotes TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) expression in HNSCC. Groα induces TNF-α and COX-2 expression through regulation involving ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase)-, JNK (C-Jun N-terminal kinase)- and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)-dependent signaling pathways. Conclusions: Our findings herein constitute the first evidence that Groα is important in HNSCC progression and metastasis via the NOD1-mediated MAPK pathway, suggesting a role for Groα and NOD1 in mediating metastasis and its potential as a therapeutic target.

Keywords: Groα; HNSCC; MAPK; Metastasis; NOD1.