Dissipation of penconazole formulation in horticultural crops by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry: From the active substance to metabolites

Abstract

The present study describes the dissipation and metabolism of penconazole in horticultural products by a method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap). Targeted and suspected analysis were carried out. Two independent trials were performed under laboratory conditions (on courgette samples), and under greenhouse conditions (on tomatoes) during 43 and 55 days, respectively. In both studies, a pesticide formulation (TOPAS® EW) containing penconazole was used. The results showed that penconazole was relatively short-lived (<30 days) in horticultural products. The proposed method allowed for the tentative identification and semi-quantification of nine metabolites. In addition, the potential toxicity of these metabolites was evaluated, observing that some of them are even more toxic than penconazole, as triazole lactic acid. This research may provide a starting point for understanding the dissipation process of penconazole, the formation pathways of its main metabolites, their concentrations and toxicity to ensure food safety and the environmental protection.

Keywords: Courgette; Dissipation; HRMS; Metabolites; Penconazole; Tomato.