Acetylcarnitine shuttling links mitochondrial metabolism to histone acetylation and lipogenesis

Sci Adv. 2023 May 3;9(18):eadf0115. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0115. Epub 2023 May 3.

Abstract

The metabolite acetyl-CoA is necessary for both lipid synthesis in the cytosol and histone acetylation in the nucleus. The two canonical precursors to acetyl-CoA in the nuclear-cytoplasmic compartment are citrate and acetate, which are processed to acetyl-CoA by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain 2 (ACSS2), respectively. It is unclear whether other substantial routes to nuclear-cytosolic acetyl-CoA exist. To investigate this, we generated cancer cell lines lacking both ACLY and ACSS2 [double knockout (DKO) cells]. Using stable isotope tracing, we show that both glucose and fatty acids contribute to acetyl-CoA pools and histone acetylation in DKO cells and that acetylcarnitine shuttling can transfer two-carbon units from mitochondria to cytosol. Further, in the absence of ACLY, glucose can feed fatty acid synthesis in a carnitine responsive and carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT)-dependent manner. The data define acetylcarnitine as an ACLY- and ACSS2-independent precursor to nuclear-cytosolic acetyl-CoA that can support acetylation, fatty acid synthesis, and cell growth.

MeSH terms

  • Acetyl Coenzyme A / metabolism
  • Acetylation
  • Acetylcarnitine / metabolism
  • Fatty Acids / metabolism
  • Glucose / metabolism
  • Histones* / metabolism
  • Lipogenesis* / genetics
  • Mitochondria / metabolism

Substances

  • Histones
  • Acetylcarnitine
  • Acetyl Coenzyme A
  • Fatty Acids
  • Glucose