Distinct patterns of interictal intracranial EEG in focal cortical dysplasia type I and II

Abstract

Objective: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is the most common malformation causing refractory focal epilepsy. Surgical removal of the entire dysplastic cortex is crucial for achieving a seizure-free outcome. Precise presurgical distinctions between FCD types by neuroimaging are difficult, mainly in patients with normal magnetic resonance imaging findings. However, the FCD type is important for planning the extent of surgical approach and counselling.

Methods: This study included patients with focal drug-resistant epilepsy and definite histopathological FCD type I or II diagnoses who underwent intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). We detected interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and their recruitment into repetitive discharges (RDs) to compare electrophysiological patterns characterizing FCD types.

Results: Patients with FCD type II had a significantly higher IED rate (p < 0.005), a shorter inter-discharge interval within RD episodes (p < 0.003), sleep influence on decreased RD periodicity (p < 0.036), and longer RD episode duration (p < 0.003) than patients with type I. A Bayesian classifier stratified FCD types with 82% accuracy.

Conclusion: Temporal characteristics of IEDs and RDs reflect the histological findings of FCD subtypes and can differentiate FCD types I and II.

Significance: Presurgical prediction of FCD type can help to plan a more tailored surgical approach in patients with normal magnetic resonance findings.

Keywords: Epilepsy; Focal cortical dysplasia; Interictal epileptiform discharges; Intracranial EEG; Repetitive discharges; Weibull mixture model.