An Increase in Plasma Sodium Levels Is Associated With an Increase in Osteoblast Function in Chronic SIAD

Abstract

Context: Hyponatremia is associated with increased risk for osteoporosis. Preclinical studies in untreated hyponatremia suggest osteoclast upregulation, whereas a clinical study showed improved osteoblast function after hyponatremia normalization in hospitalized patients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD).

Objective: This work aimed to investigate the effect of an increase in sodium on bone turnover, that is, the ratio of the osteoblast marker procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) to the osteoclast marker cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), in outpatients with chronic SIAD.

Methods: A predefined secondary analysis was conducted of the 2-month double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled SANDx Trial (NCT03202667) performed from December 2017 to August 2021. Participants included 11 outpatients with chronic SIAD: 6 women, median age 73 years, who received a 4-week treatment with 25-mg empagliflozin or placebo. Main outcome measures included the relationship between the change in bone formation index (BFI), defined as P1NP/CTX, and the change in plasma sodium levels.

Results: Changes in sodium were positively correlated with changes in BFI and P1NP (BFI: ρ=.55; P < .001; P1NP: ρ=.45; P = .004) but not with CTX (P = .184) and osteocalcin (P = .149). A sodium increase of 1 mmol/l was associated with an increase of 5.21 in BFI (95% CI, 1.41-9.00; P = .013) and with an increase of 1.48 µg/l in P1NP (95% CI, .26-2.62; P = .03). The effect of sodium change on bone markers was independent of the study medication empagliflozin.

Conclusion: An increase in plasma sodium levels in outpatients with chronic hyponatremia due to SIAD, even when mild, was associated with an increase in bone formation index (P1NP/CTX) triggered by an increase in P1NP, a surrogate marker of osteoblast function.

Keywords: CTX; P1NP; empagliflozin; hyponatremia; osteocalcin; syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis.