Objectives: To study whether the free energy principle can explain fetal brain activity and the existence of fetal consciousness via a chaotic dimension derived using artificial intelligence.
Methods: In this observational study, we used a four-dimensional ultrasound technique obtained to collect images of fetal faces from pregnancies at 27-37 weeks of gestation, between February and December 2021. We developed an artificial intelligence classifier that recognizes fetal facial expressions, which are thought to relate to fetal brain activity. We then applied the classifier to video files of facial images to generate each expression category's probabilities. We calculated the chaotic dimensions from the probability lists, and we created and investigated the free energy principle's mathematical model that was assumed to be linked to the chaotic dimension. We used a Mann-Whitney test, linear regression test, and one-way analysis of variance for statistical analysis.
Results: The chaotic dimension revealed that the fetus had dense and sparse states of brain activity, which fluctuated at a statistically significant level. The chaotic dimension and free energy were larger in the sparse state than in the dense state.
Conclusions: The fluctuating free energy suggests consciousness seemed to exist in the fetus after 27 weeks.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; chaos; facial recognition; fetus; free energy; ultrasonography.
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.